Recently, there鈥檚 been an influx of media attention on guts. More specifically, the microbes that live聽in聽your gut. Extensive research is being done on these little guys as they seem to be having a real impact on our health. These gut microbes may be minuscule but their function is major. And I learnt all about them at聽聽now on display at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.
Before I begin walking you through the exhibit, first a brief explanation as to what microbes even are. Microbes are microscopic living organisms that can only be seen with the help of a microscope. And they are everywhere 鈥� in every fold and lining of our bodies, including our inside. They literally govern the world inside us and are responsible for much of how we function.
Our skin is the first point of contact for microbes, which is most probably why it鈥檚 the first section you get to in this exhibit. There is not one individual whose microbiome is like that of another. However, what came as a real shocker was the fact that people living together 鈥� families, roommates, and yup, pets too 鈥搒hare certain microbe make-up. So much so, that when one person leaves the nest for a few days, the microbiome of the house shifts until they return home again. Pretty sweet, no? Everyone sharing the same types of microbes鈥�(It could also be slightly gross if you think about it too much, so just don鈥檛). It was also pointed out how certain microbes, as distant as they may seem, are actually closely linked. Let鈥檚 take cheese, for example. The holes in Swiss cheese are made from a bacterium that is similar to one located on the skin, which is why (some) feet take on a cheesy-like smell. On feet, the聽Brevibacterium linens聽bacteria converts amino acids into smelly sweat, but in the world of dairy, it serves to ripen Limburger cheese. Delicious? Depends.
Now perhaps it鈥檚 my age and the fact that my ovaries now twitch on a regular basis thanks to all the babies on my Facebook聽feed, but the next section of the exhibit was hands down my favourite. 鈥淏efore Birth鈥�, the world of the baby and the microbiome of the mama. Now one would think that the two are inextricably linked since the fetus is totally reliant upon the mother; however, to my surprise, the mother鈥檚 microbiome does not mix with the fetus at all. In fact, if the microbiome of the mother interacts at all with the fetus, it could be very risky. And it鈥檚 thanks to the placenta, the gatekeeper in this whole process, why the two don鈥檛 mix. After visiting this exhibit, I really developed a whole newfound respect for the placenta since it serves a pivotal function, allowing nutrients and oxygen to enter the amniotic sac and preventing any other materials from doing so.
Now once a woman鈥檚 water breaks all rules are off. The baby is now cooked enough to not only mingle with the microbes of its鈥� mother but to start developing a microbiome of their own. And the birth canal is where this all happens. When the baby travels through the canal, the mother鈥檚 microbes get pressed into the skin, nose and eyes, and even swallowed by the little one before being delivered to the baby鈥檚 gut where they can then start their own gut microbiome. This process is crucial in the development of a baby鈥檚 healthy immune and digestive system. (How awesome!) But you may be wondering (as was I), about those C-section deliveries since these babies do not go through the birth canal picking up the mother鈥檚 microbes along the way. Instead, these babies pick up microbes from the doctor鈥檚 hands and the environment. They end up lining the baby鈥檚 digestive tract and in turn have an impact on their immune system, causing聽, such as asthma and allergies. To test this, studies are now being done where the baby, immediately post-C-section delivery is slathered with a gauze pad that soaked up the microbes in their mother鈥檚 birth canal right before birth. Time will tell whether this can benefit the baby but most signs point to yes, which is good news since about one mother in three now gives birth by C-section in the United States.
As life goes on, microbes live, grow and multiply based on what we feed them. Meaning, the food we eat and the choices we make influence our gut bacteria. This has spawned a huge new area of research looking at聽, which was another section of the exhibit that I found fascinating, since like the majority of people on the planet I have a few pounds that just won鈥檛 relent.
Different people react to different foods in different ways. This is not a novel idea. I mean, just look at allergies and adverse food reactions. Some people have them, some people don鈥檛. But what if this can be attributed to the type of microbes living in your gut? Let鈥檚 take a 鈥渉ealthy鈥� food like a tomato, for example. Could you imagine if someone鈥檚 blood sugar spiked after eating tomatoes the same way it would after eating a donut? And research has shown, that this is the case! And yet in another individual, tomatoes can have zero spike effect. This whole new line of research could be a breakthrough in terms of weight control. Costly, but important. I know I鈥檇 be among the first to sign up to find out just what type of bacteria I have going on in my gut. Of course, as the exhibit suggests, one cannot know whether obese people are obese due to their microbiome or if there are external factors that caused their microbiome to be as such in the first place. It鈥檚 the chicken or the egg debate and we shall leave it to science to continue the research.
After leaving the exhibit, I realized that the microbiome is truly a hotbed of scientific research. We know so much but at the same time there are so many question marks about how we can use, manipulate, and alter our microbiome to enhance our health. And I am confident that science will, at one point or another, provide us with these answers; but until then, I鈥檓 just going to hope that my gut bacteria interact favourably with tomatoes.
