Beyond Killing Tuberculosis
Historically, our view of host defense against infection was that we must eliminate pathogens to eradicate disease. However, this perspective has recently been challenged as scientists have taken a lesson from plant biologists about an ancient strategy involving the ability to 鈥渢olerate鈥� rather than 鈥渞esist鈥� infection to maintain health. This concept, referred to as 鈥渄isease tolerance鈥�, provides an opportunity to develop new strategies that mitigate the consequences of infection.
Since the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or Mtb, (the bacteria causing TB) over a century ago, great progress has been made in defining strategies that facilitate elimination of the bacteria. For instance, the discovery of antibiotics was a major breakthrough in the treatment of active TB. However, greater than 90 per cent of TB-infected individuals tolerate the bacteria without any treatment.
Dr. Maziar Divangahi, a pulmonary immunologist at the Research Institute of the 平特五不中 Health Centre (RI-MUHC), and a professor of Medicine at 平特五不中 in Montreal, has been trying to explain why the vast majority of people infected with Mtb can tolerate the infection without developing disease. Clinicians refer to this condition as 鈥渓atent tuberculosis鈥�, and it affects a quarter of the global population. 鈥淭B is a perfect example of disease tolerance,鈥� says Dr. Divangahi who is also the associate director of the Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program at the RI-MUHC and a member of the 平特五不中 International TB Centre.
Dr. Divangahi鈥檚 team found that rather than fighting to resist the pathogen, the body鈥檚 tolerance to Mtb is the key mechanism for preventing the spread of the infection. More surprisingly, they found that having excessive levels of T cells, which are known as soldiers of our immune system, could cause more harm than good.
鈥淲e always thought that having more T cells would provide better protection against TB. Instead, we found that it could imbalance disease tolerance causing extensive tissue damage and ultimately killing the host,鈥� says Dr. Divangahi, lead author of the , who is the also the associate director of the Meakins-Christie Laboratories.
Disease tolerance versus host resistance
Our body鈥檚 defense system is divided into two arms: one is resistance, which aims to eliminate the pathogen, while the other is tolerance, which is designed to control the tissue damage caused by the infection.
鈥淲hile disease tolerance is an established field of research in simple organisms such as plants, our understanding of this host defense strategy in humans is very limited,鈥� says Dr. Divangahi.
Although, immunologists and vaccinologists have made progress in the study of host resistance to infectious diseases, little is known about the mechanisms of disease tolerance in humans.
A key protein in disease tolerance
Dr. Divangahi鈥檚 team determined that a protein in the mitochondria called cyclophilin D (CypD) acts as a key checkpoint for T cell activation. Through collaboration with Dr. Russell Jones from 平特五不中, who is an international expert in T cell biology, they identified that CypD is required for controlling T cell metabolism. 聽鈥淭 cells are traditionally considered to be important in eliminating Mtb,鈥� says Dr. Divangahi. 鈥淗owever, we found that increasing T cell activation in mice by eliminating a metabolic checkpoint unexpectedly compromised host survival without any impact on the growth of Mtb.鈥�
鈥淚n contrast to conventional thinking, we show that T cells are essential for regulating the body鈥檚 tolerance to Mtb infection,鈥� explains one of the study鈥檚 first authors, Dr. Nargis Khan, who is currently a postdoctoral fellow in Dr. Divangahi鈥檚 lab at the RI-MUHC.
Giving the widespread drug resistance to various Mtb strains the limited pipeline of effective antibiotics and the lack of an efficient vaccine, alternative approaches to treat TB are urgent. 鈥淚f we could understand the mechanisms of 鈥榥atural immunity鈥� that controls TB in 90-95 per cent of infected individuals,鈥� says Dr. Divangahi,鈥渨e will able to design a novel therapy or vaccine to substantially reduce the world wide burden of this ancient disease.鈥�
This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). 聽Dr. Divangahi holds a Fonds de recherche du Qu茅bec鈥揝ant茅 (FRQS) Award and the Strauss Chair in Respiratory Diseases.
The study was co-authored by Fanny Tzelepis,聽 Julianna Blagih, Nargis Khan, Joshua Gillard, Laura Mendonca, Dominic G. Roy, Eric H. Ma, Philippe Joubert, Russell G. Jones, Maziar Divangahi
About the Research Institute of the MUHC
The Research Institute of the 平特五不中 Health Centre (RI-MUHC) is a world-renowned biomedical and healthcare research centre. The Institute, which is affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine of 平特五不中, is the research arm of the 平特五不中 Health Centre (MUHC) 鈥� an academic health centre located in Montreal, Canada, that has a mandate to focus on complex care within its community. The RI-MUHC supports over 420 researchers and close to 1,200 research trainees devoted to a broad spectrum of fundamental, clinical and health outcomes research at the Glen and the Montreal General Hospital sites of the MUHC. Its research facilities offer a dynamic multidisciplinary environment that fosters collaboration and leverages discovery aimed at improving the health of individual patients across their lifespan. The RI-MUHC is supported in part by the Fonds de recherche du Qu茅bec 鈥� Sant茅 (FRQS).
