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The research has implications for understanding human developmental disorders such as autism

Adult songbirds modify their vocalizations when singing to juveniles in the same way that humans alter their speech when talking to babies. The resulting brain activity in young birds could shed light on speech learning and certain developmental disorders in humans, according to a study by 平特五不中 researchers.

Lead author Jon Sakata, a professor of neurobiology at 平特五不中, says that songbirds learn vocalizations like humans learn speech. 鈥淪ongbirds first listen to and memorize the sound of adult songs and then undergo a period of vocal practice鈥搃n essence, babbling鈥搕o master the production of song.鈥�

Researchers have been studying song learning in birds for some time. But the degree to which social interaction with adult birds contributes to that learning has been unclear. That鈥檚 because, unlike this current work, past studies didn鈥檛 control for the time exposed to song and the presence of other birds.

Vocal learning

In this study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a group of juvenile zebra finches was allowed to interact with an adult. Another group simply heard adult songs played through a speaker. After a brief period of 鈥渢utoring鈥� the juveniles were house individually for months as they practiced their tunes.

Sakata and his team found that avian pupils who socialized with an adult learned the adult鈥檚 song much better. That was true even if the social tutoring lasted just one day. In analyzing why this would be so, Sakata and his team made a surprising discovery.

Adult zebra finches change their vocalizations when singing to juveniles. Sakata says just as people speak more slowly and repeat words more often when speaking to infants, so do these birds. 鈥淲e found that adult zebra finches similarly slow down their song by increasing the interval between song phrases and repeat individual song elements more often when singing to juveniles.鈥�

What鈥檚 more, the researchers found that juvenile birds pay more attention to this 鈥渂aby talk鈥� compared to other songs. And the more the juveniles paid attention, the better they learned.

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Activating neurons

Prof. Sakata says this finding could have implications beyond the avian world. 鈥淥ur data suggest that dysfunctions in these neurons could contribute to social and communicative disorders in humans. For example, children who suffer from autism spectrum disorders have difficulty processing social information and learning language, and these neurons might be potential targets for treating such disorders.鈥�

Sakata is now testing whether raising dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain can help birds learn song when they only hear adult songs.听 As he puts it, 鈥淲e are testing whether we can 鈥渢rick鈥� a bird鈥檚 brain into thinking that the bird is being socially tutored.鈥�

Photo: An adult zebra finch (right) with juvenile. 听Credit: Jon Sakata

Image: Norepinephrine-producing neurons (green) in the locus coeruleus of the songbird brain.听 Some of these neurons express the protein EGR-1 (red), a cellular marker of neural activity.听The researchers found that social interactions during song tutoring increase the percent of norepinephrine-producing neurons that express EGR-1, suggesting that this neuronal population is more active during social tutoring. 听Credit:听Yining Chen

This research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Fonds de recherche du Qu茅bec 鈥� Nature et technologies, a Tomlinson Graduate Fellowship, and the Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology.

鈥淢echanisms underlying the social enhancement of vocal learning in songbirds,鈥� Yining Chen, Laura E. Matheson, and Jon T. Sakata, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, May 31, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522306113