Well before Russia鈥檚 full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, international organizations (IOs) played a key role in the conceptualization and implementation of Ukraine鈥檚 Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda. Since the beginning of the war in 2014, their role has evolved and diversified, but these actors continue to prioritize the security sector when promoting the agenda鈥檚 implementation. These developments have occurred in tandem with Ukraine releasing two National Action Plans (NAPs) in and .
Informed by my research work for the , this blog post offers an overview of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization鈥檚 (NATO), the United Nations鈥� (UN), the European Union鈥檚 (EU), and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe鈥檚 (OSCE) priorities between 2014 and 2022 in supporting the implementation of Ukraine鈥檚 NAPs.
While there has been some variation between these organizations, they have mostly worked collaboratively to develop the WPS agenda in the military and defence sectors. The Ukrainian government and civil society generally perceive the presence and involvement of these IOs as crucial for Ukraine to develop an increasingly close relationship with Europe and the West. It is also important to note the active roles that civil society organizations (CSOs) and grassroots feminist activists have played in promoting and pushing forward Ukraine鈥檚 NAPs. Their importance should not be overlooked. While much more can be discussed regarding the drivers of WPS in Ukraine, this post offers a descriptive primer on these IO鈥檚 varied initiatives in the country since 2014.
听
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO was one of the main international initiators of Ukraine鈥檚 first NAP. Much of its work with Ukraine operates through the NATO Liaison Office in Kyiv in cooperation with the International Military Staff鈥檚 Committee on Gender Perspectives. Since 2014, several Science for Peace and Security (SPS) funded initiatives have promoted discussion of the WPS agenda. For instance, in September 2015, an SPS-funded workshop titled focused the discussion on women鈥檚 roles in military and defence settings, with the explicit objective of providing guidance and support for Ukraine鈥檚 first NAP.
According to an article by , NATO鈥檚 Liaison Office has encountered resistance from lower-ranking military officials when encouraging female leadership in the military. In response, they have reworked the initiative to cater to higher-level military leadership, arguing that women鈥檚 participation in defence and law enforcement would benefit Ukraine鈥檚 defence capabilities and operational effectiveness. This line of logic is based on of operational effectiveness in justifying the WPS agenda. There is also evidence that NATO was using Ukraine as a to learn how to pivot its WPS implementation away from Afghanistan and towards territorial defence in Eastern Europe.
听
United Nations
Another driver of Ukraine鈥檚 WPS agenda has been the UN (primarily UN Women), often working in collaboration with NATO. One instance of this occurred in 2017 the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Defence鈥檚 recruitment of gender advisors to implement the country鈥檚 first NAP at the oblast level. UN Women also supported the 鈥溾�� project that raised awareness surrounding Ukrainian women鈥檚 informal participation in combat roles.
More recently, in 2020, UN Women surveyed the public perception of gender-based violence (GBV) in the Donetsk, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia oblasts. This focus on GBV aligns with other IOs, such as the OSCE, which has prioritized the issue more than other pillars of WPS. It has also offered consultations and provided technical assistance in finalizing Ukraine鈥檚 second NAP in 2020. Since the escalation of Russia鈥檚 invasion in February 2022, UN Women has provided to local communities in Donetsk as part of a gender equality project funded by the government of Denmark. While their work has recently pivoted to a more humanitarian focus, it has previously had a narrower view of the WPS agenda that focused on defence and military-oriented considerations.
听
European Union
Unlike NATO and UN Women, the EU has been comparatively less involved in promoting and implementing Ukraine鈥檚 WPS agenda. While the EU has been present in Ukraine since December 2014 through the EU Advisory Mission Ukraine (EUAM), some have critiqued its limited gender work. Despite these factors, the EU plays an important role as a particularly in terms of encouraging Ukraine to reform its security sector.
EUAM鈥檚 work, until February 2022, focused on the sustainable reform of the civilian security sector, such as through training programs for law enforcement officials and rule of law institutions. They have also run and supported workshops on gender-based violence and during crises. Concerning WPS, explicitly states that it aims to implement the agenda and its associated resolutions. In 2021, EUAM supported the development of the Ukrainian National Human Rights Strategy and noted that it was on gender-based and domestic violence, which has happened. Some scholars have noted that the EU did not provide to combat gender-based violence until the end of 2017.
More recently, in March and April 2022, EU member states issued , and the mission now supports Ukrainian law enforcement in facilitating refugee flow and the reception of humanitarian aid.
听
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
Until March 2022, the OSCE had a Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, following a request from the Ukrainian government in 2014. The unarmed civilian mission when Russia blocked the decision to extend its mandate and, a few months later, the renewal of the OSCE鈥檚 Office of the Project Co-ordinator in Ukraine. Despite these obstacles, the OSCE continues to work in Ukraine on a smaller scale through a new donor-funded , which member states voluntarily contribute to and Russia cannot veto.
Across these frameworks, the OSCE鈥檚 activities in Ukraine have also shifted. The Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) had thirteen monitoring officers acting as gender focal points (GFPs) in the field alongside two gender advisors (GENADs) and a senior gender advisor. Compared to other IOs, particularly NATO, the SMM鈥檚 gender agenda was delivered in a broader package under the OSCE鈥檚 politico-military, economic and environment, and human dimension pillars. Within this framework, the gender-oriented projects primarily focused on women鈥檚 economic empowerment and female IDP integration. Notably, the SMM was IOs to report on survival sex among IDPs and other impoverished residents, particularly vulnerable populations including women and girls, LGBTQ+ people, and Roma. The OSCE also collaborated with other IOs, such as its work with UN Women, to assist in creating Ukraine鈥檚 first NAP.
Since Russia has forced the OSCE to shift to the donor-funded SPU initiative, its tasks have pivoted to address immediate challenges to Ukrainian civilians. As the initiative becomes fully operational, it will become clearer what its primary projects are.
听
Conclusion
Overall, these four IOs have played a pivotal role in supporting and guiding the Ukrainian government鈥檚 implementation of its WPS NAPs. While the roles of CSOs and other actors should not be overlooked, these IOs鈥� conceptions and priorities of WPS have had a significant impact, particularly on Ukraine鈥檚 security sector. They have successfully encouraged Ukraine鈥檚 defence sector to apply a gendered analysis and increase the recruitment of women, but their arguments have been tied to concepts of operational effectiveness.
While this post has offered an introduction to the topic, it is worthwhile to further consider the resulting consequences of NATO鈥檚, the UN鈥檚, the EU鈥檚, and the OSCE鈥檚 involvement in Ukraine鈥檚 WPS agenda. Because of the realities of war, these organizations have encouraged a narrow and defence-oriented focus for Ukraine鈥檚 WPS agenda. Looking to a future post-conflict Ukraine, how could this affect the development of its WPS agenda, especially in cases where the priorities of IOs and other stakeholders, such as CSOs, may diverge?
听
Morgan is a fourth-year undergraduate student at Queen鈥檚 University, studying Politics, Philosophy and Economics. As a researcher at the Centre for International and Defence Policy, she has researched conflict prevention in the extractive industries, middle power defence strategy, and great power competition in the Arctic. This article stems from her work researching NATO鈥檚 implementation of the WPS agenda and her thesis on the evolution of Ukraine鈥檚 WPS National Action Plans. Morgan is also the Co-President of the Queen鈥檚 Chapter of Women in International Security. She can be found at .