平特五不中

Millions know him simply as 鈥淒r. Joe,鈥� the 平特五不中 chemistry professor who has spent the last 30 years popularizing science, exposing frauds, charlatans and quacks of all stripes, and defending the scientific method with passion, wit and clarity. For the last 15 years, Schwarcz has conducted a lot of his work from the 平特五不中 Office of Science and Society in campus quarters lined with several thousand science books and dozens of rubber ducky 鈥渜uacks鈥� he鈥檚 collected.

Schwarcz, 66, also travels widely, is an in-demand public speaker, writes a weekly column for the Montreal Gazette, and hosts a popular radio science call-in show, The Right Chemistry on CJAD radio. His 14th book, Is That a Fact?: Frauds, Quacks, and the Real Science of Everyday Life (ECW Press), is due out this month. All his previous books have been bestsellers in Canada.

听

All your books seem similar in the sense that they try to bring science to the average person. How is your latest book different?

Mostly, it鈥檚 where the emphasis is. The theme is always the same in all my books: how to make science interesting and palatable without trivializing it 鈥� a book you can open at any page, and you say, 鈥淭hat鈥檚 interesting,鈥� and you keep reading. The entries are relatively short, because what I鈥檝e found over the years, is that people have short attention spans. So they are short pieces with significant information. The challenge is to make it interesting, make it palatable, and still have quality in it in terms of the science. Most of my books have had as a theme, 鈥渟eparating sense and nonsense,鈥� this one probably more than the others. The title kind of gives it away.

听

You鈥檝e divided the book into several categories, black for scientific non-fact, white for fact and grey for somewhere in-between.

Unfortunately a lot of science actually is grey, because the issues are not iron-clad 鈥� there鈥檚 always more to be learned. That鈥檚 one of the beauties of science: it approaches the finish line but never quite gets there. There are many examples where the science is ongoing and we don鈥檛 have the final answers. But we do have final answers in the area of nonsense, what I call 鈥渂lack.鈥� There鈥檚 a lot of stuff out there that鈥檚 just not debatable, absolute crap. But sometimes the crap can be made to sound very seductive to people.

听

Do your books preach mostly to the converted?

That鈥檚 hard to say. I think it鈥檚 really hard to win over the extremists. They have their mindset and never let facts get in the way of their thought process. There鈥檚 no point. I suspect most of my readers are random, interested people. It won鈥檛 be the naturopaths or homeopaths who read it. But they might pick it up to see what the enemy is saying.

听

I guess there鈥檚 no sense in debating someone religious about the existence of God.

Right. You can talk to them about things that you know you can debate, but not about faith. There鈥檚 a big difference between science and faith, and science cannot overcome 鈥� and doesn鈥檛 even need to try to overcome 鈥� faith.

听

How do you explain scientists who wear kippot?

Just because they wear a kippah or are religious doesn鈥檛 mean they don鈥檛 follow the science. I would say that there would be very few scientists 鈥� certainly Jewish scientists 鈥� who believe the Bible literally. There are many, many Jewish scientists who have great faith and believe in God, but they also respect the science and understand that the world, in fact, is billions of years old, and that Adam and Eve might have been a couple of microbes.

听

How would, say, an observant Jewish anthropologist in Israel reconcile the faith belief that the universe is 6,000 year old with the scientific facts of anthropology?

I have no answer to that, how anyone could reconcile that, how you could throw away all of the evidence. The argument they could make is that when God created the world 6,000 years ago, He also created the fossils that look like they are billions of years old. But there鈥檚 that small group who believe that the seven days [of Creation] really meant seven 24-hour days. Most rabbis I have spoken to don鈥檛 believe that literally. Faith versus science is not debatable because science is not based on faith. Science is based on evidence. And faith by definition is belief without needing evidence.

听

You鈥檙e a chemist, and the word 鈥渃hemical鈥� of is often used disparagingly, perceived as an intrinsically negative word.

This is one of my pet peeves and what I emphasize in every single book: that chemicals are not good or bad, just the building blocks of matter, not to be feared, not to be worshipped, but to be understood.

听

What type of reaction do you get to your columns and books?

It鈥檚 99 per cent positive. It takes me a year to write one book, and in this latest book, I kept the chapters short. You can read it from any point and find it interesting. And a little bit of humour makes the medicine go down. I started my radio show 1980. It is the longest-running radio show on chemistry in the history of the world 鈥� as well as the only one.

听

Why does it seem that, increasingly, you see homeopathic treatments (infinitesimal levels of a supposedly active ingredient 鈥渄issolved鈥� into huge quantities of water) being allowed at medical clinics or doctors鈥� offices?

It鈥檚 bizarre, it is absolutely bizarre. It鈥檚 kind of that the public has the right to be wrong, and if this is their wish, then there are people who will fulfil it. How anyone with any kind of scientific training can buy into homeopathy is completely beyond me. Most people think homeopathy is 鈥渁lternative medicine.鈥� It is not. Homeopathy is based on total folly, is scientifically absurd, and there鈥檚 no evidence for it except for the placebo effect. That鈥檚 not something you should sweep under the carpet when you get a 30 to 40 per cent [placebo] response to an intervention, regardless of what that intervention is. My main objection is that teaching something scientifically absurd is never right, even if there is some positive outcome. The other objection is that it deludes people and sidetracks them from effective treatments. Unfortunately, we have plenty of evidence for that: people diagnosed with some terrible condition, and then they buy into scary literature that all physicians want to do is to burn.

听

Have you ever been accused of being in the pocket of the pharmaceutical industry and the like?

Yes, it鈥檚 happened, but I can鈥檛 really afford to pay attention to nonsense. One of the reasons my office is respected and listened to is that we are unbiased and don鈥檛 get any funding from anyone. And it鈥檚 not in my financial interest to promote or destroy homeopathy. The only allegiance I have is to the scientific method. If it turns out that something is shown to be correct, even something we thought was not so, then fine, we鈥檙e ready to embrace it. Often scientists are accused of having blinders on, closed minds, but that it isn鈥檛 true at all. It鈥檚 just a question of 鈥渟how me.鈥�

听

But sometimes you even have 鈥減eer review鈥� scientific studies contradicting other peer review studies.

Peer review is our gold standard, but it is not cast in stone鈥� [and it is] not an absolute guarantee against fraudulent activity.

听

Do you ever feel frustrated in your work?

Sure, it often feels like you鈥檙e swimming upriver because there鈥檚 a lot of pseudoscience out there, all nonsense.

听

But are you accomplishing what you have set out to do?

Yes. It鈥檚 very clear we can鈥檛 win the war against pseudoscience, but we can win the odd battle, and that happens. There鈥檚 a large segment of the population who are legitimately interested, who are in the middle but are confused. What the quacks are very good at is presenting their stuff in a pseudoscientific way. They have some lingo that sounds good, that sounds believable.

听

Do the media contribute to the confusion?

Often you see studies with some data, but not high quality data. Small-scale studies that should be no more than a stepping stone for further studies, but the media will jump on it and report it.

听

What is your take on genetically modified (GM) food?

The two most misunderstood things are the Israeli-Arab conflict and GM, a bogeyman created with no scientific validity. The activists have done this, and they are just as much into making money as Monsanto is. Monsanto is not the devil. It鈥檚 just a company that wants to make money by selling useful products. It鈥檚 [to the activists鈥橾 advantage to portray it as a villain because that鈥檚 what keeps the money coming to them. I鈥檝e seen it over and over again with activists. They want you to clamour to do something, but they don鈥檛 want you to actually do it because that鈥檚 when they lose their weapon.