Since the withdrawal of U.S. and NATO forces from Afghanistan beginning in July 2021, (). The peace negotiations between the Taliban and the Afghan government, overseen by the United States, , with the U.S. conceding to the Taliban鈥檚 demands while sidelining the Afghan government.
Emboldened by their continued success, lack of resistance by Afghan forces, and minimal international pressure, the . For women, their victory holds alarming implications. In early July, Taliban leaders who took control over the provinces of Badakhshan and Takhar issued an order to local religious leaders to of girls over the age of 15 and widows under the age of 45 for 鈥渕arriage鈥� with Taliban fighters. Upon getting 鈥渕arried鈥�, these women and girls will be taken to Waziristan in Pakistan to be (re)educated and converted to 鈥渁uthentic Islam.鈥�
This order has caused terror among local women and their families, and many have fled and joined the ranks of internally displaced persons, adding to the unfolding in Afghanistan ( and ). In the past three months alone, .
Offering 鈥渨ives鈥� is a strategy to lure militants to join the Taliban. This is sexual enslavement, not 鈥渕arriage.鈥� Sexual slavery is a war crime and a crime against humanity [.pdf] of the Geneva Convention states, 鈥渨omen must be especially protected against any attack on their honour, in particular against rape, enforced prostitution, or any other form of indecent assault.鈥� In 2008, the U.N. Security Council adopted declaring that 鈥渞ape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute a war crime, a crime against humanity [鈥.鈥� It recognizes sexual violence as a tactic of war to humiliate, dominate, and instil fear in civilian members of the community.
This Taliban order is a stark warning of what lies ahead and a harsh reminder of (1996 to 2001), where women were subjected to persistent human rights violations, denied employment and education, forced to wear the burqa, and prohibited from leaving home without a male 鈥済uardian鈥� or mahram. of having changed their position regarding women鈥檚 rights, the Taliban鈥檚 actions and their latest initiative to commit thousands of women to sexual slavery demonstrate otherwise.
Furthermore, the Taliban have signalled their intention to to the age of 12, ban women from employment, and reinstate the male guardian law. The hard-won gains of Afghan women over the past 20 years, particularly in education, employment and political participation are .
Women鈥檚 rights and feminist advocates in Afghanistan have risked their lives for their communities. They have stood firmly in support of universal human rights and spoken out against fundamentalism, oppression, and state corruption. Taking advantage of the opportunities provided by the past two decades, Afghan women promoted greater access to education, employment, health, respect for human rights, and conflict resolution dialogue.
Afghan women assumed leadership positions in Parliament and the judiciary; they became teachers, professors, journalists, and entrepreneurs; despite constant threats, they persevered in the hope for a better future. Relying on their deep knowledge and lived experience of their communities, they emphasised the importance of including civil society, particularly women and minorities, in peace negotiations. They called for the to recognize that sustainable peace cannot be negotiated at gunpoint and insisted that peace negotiations include women.
Today this inspiring progress is . In the last year, the world has witnessed the Taliban systematically , including attacking girls鈥� schools, all while proclaiming a commitment to women鈥檚 rights, peace and reconciliation in Afghanistan.
Following their agreement with the U.S. government, while sidelining and excluding the Afghan government, civil society, minorities and women representatives, the democratic advancement over the past 20 years has been derailed, as has . and civil society leaders in Afghanistan are currently , who are actively hunting those who have publicly worked toward substantive equality and a free public sphere. Girls鈥� schools have been closed, and women have been turned away from universities and can no longer work. , as they cannot guarantee their safety among the rank and file Taliban fighters and militia who roam the streets, belying the Taliban narrative of 鈥渞eformation.鈥�
Reality starkly contrasts with the Taliban鈥檚 public relations campaign, with Afghans witnessing daily violence since at least March 2020, an and a catastrophic increase in the . Young women and girls are being subjected to by Taliban fighters through forced marriages. Protesters against Taliban rule are met with gunfire. While the focus is on evacuation of foreign personnel, Afghans attempting to flee are thwarted by foreign forces closing borders, restricting movement, and deporting refugees.
The U.N. must use all peaceful means to force the Taliban to comply with international human rights law. Guided by , which underscores the importance of including women as equal participants in the peace process, and condemns all forms of gendered violence against civilians in armed conflict, I propose eight policy actions for the international community to foster sustainable peace:
- Call for an immediate general amnesty and end to violence to ensure the peace process can proceed in good faith.
- Ensure that women鈥檚 rights enshrined in Afghanistan鈥檚 Constitution, national legislation, and international law are respected.
- Insist that peace negotiations under the transitional government include the meaningful participation of Afghan women.
- Lifting sanctions against the Taliban must be conditional on their commitment to uphold women鈥檚 rights. The European Union and the United States, currently the largest donors to Afghanistan, must make aid conditional upon women鈥檚 rights and access to ().
- Use every means possible to ensure that the Taliban and the transitional authority allow international and humanitarian organizations to respond to the needs of over 3.5 million Afghan IDPs.
- Neighbouring and regional countries should keep their borders open to facilitate and temporarily house fleeing refugees, and other countries need to ensure open borders to coordinate and .
- International solidarity demands the prioritization of the and ensuring the protection of women's rights inside Afghanistan and amplifying the voices of Afghan women to support their vision for the future of Afghanistan.
- The Human Rights Council must form an independent investigation committee to fully and immediately investigate the human rights violations in Afghanistan by the Taliban, including the targeted killings of women鈥檚 rights and feminist advocates, journalists, members of civil society, and ethnic and social minorities.
Women in Afghanistan and across the region would welcome the U.N.鈥檚 and the international community鈥檚 efforts to ensure that women鈥檚 rights are respected; they would welcome that survivors of sexual violence have equal protection under the law, equal access to justice; they would welcome an end to impunity for acts of sexual violence, all as part of a comprehensive approach to seeking sustainable peace, justice and national reconciliation in Afghanistan.
About the author
Vrinda Narain is an Associate Professor at 平特五不中 Faculty of Law. Her research and teaching focuses on constitutional law, social diversity, and feminist legal theory. She is the author of Reclaiming the Nation: Muslim Women and the Law in India (U of Toronto Press, 2008) and Gender and Community: Muslim Women鈥檚 Rights in India (U of Toronto Press, 2001), as well as many articles on Muslim women and the law.